Workshop Mind the Gap an introduction to Academic English for vwo 6 – oorzaak & gevolg: www.mindthegap.slo.nl

Aanleiding onderzoek Zeven jaar Tweede Fase, een balans IOWO – aansluitingsmonitoronderzoeken Profielcommissie: Bruggen tussen Natuur en Maatschappij: SLOA-aanvraag LEVENDE TALEN

Of zoals de Spits meldde: I hate you all welcome....

Advies Profielcommissies: Start aansluitingsprojecten voor het vak Engels met sectoren in het hoger onderwijs, waar ontevredenheid over het beheersingsniveau van de Engelse taal van de studenten bestaat. Verhelder welke onderdelen van de taalvaardigheid bij de diverse vervolgopleidingen belangrijk zijn en speel daar in het voortgezet onderwijs op in.

Het Europees Referentiekader Ontwikkelingen in talenonderwijs Accent verschuift van taalkennis naar taalgebruik: van ‘kennen’ naar ‘kunnen’ Meer taakgericht: Wat moet iemand kunnen? Welke kennis is nodig om dat te kunnen? Competentiegericht leren: competentie = kennis + vaardigheid + attitude

ERK-niveaus VWO leerling eind V6 B2 Luisteren Ik kan een langer betoog en lezingen begrijpen en zelfs complexe redeneringen volgen, wanneer het onderwerp redelijk vertrouwd is. Ik kan de meeste nieuws- en actualiteitenprogramma’s op de tv begrijpen. Ik kan het grootste deel van films in standaarddialect begrijpen. B2 Lezen Ik kan artikelen en verslagen lezen die betrekking hebben op eigentijdse problemen, waarbij de schrijvers een bepaalde houding of standpunt innemen. Ik kan eigentijds literair proza begrijpen.

Vervolg ERK-niveaus V6 leerling B2 productie (spreken) Ik kan duidelijke, gedetailleerde beschrijvingen presenteren over een breed scala van onderwerpen die betrekking hebben op mijn interessegebied. Ik kan een standpunt over een actueel onderwerp verklaren en de voordelen en nadelen van diverse opties uiteenzetten. B2 interactie (gesprekken voeren) Ik kan zodanig deelnemen aan een vloeiend en spontaan gesprek, dat normale uitwisseling met moedertaalsprekers redelijk mogelijk is. Ik kan binnen een vertrouwde context actief deelnemen aan een discussie en hierin mijn standpunten uitleggen en ondersteunen.

Tot slot: schrijven B2 Schrijven Ik kan een duidelijke, gedetailleerde tekst schrijven over een breed scala van onderwerpen die betrekking hebben op mijn interesses. Ik kan een opstel of verslag schrijven, informatie doorgeven of redenen aanvoeren ter ondersteuning voor of tegen een specifiek standpunt. Ik kan brieven schrijven waarin ik het persoonlijk belang van gebeurtenissen en ervaringen aangeef.

Onderzoeksresultaten focusgroep: docenten Vu/UvA B2 goed startniveau in Bachelorfase B2 moet naar C1 groeien voor Masterfase informeel taalgebruik studenten in orde abstractieniveau 1e jaars vaak te laag schrijfvaardigheid vaak onvoldoende woordenschat onvoldoende academisch register Universiteiten dragen ook verantwoordelijkheid door invoering TTO

Aanbevelingen universitair docenten meer aandacht voor formele taal op vo meer aandacht voor productieve vaardigheden op vo leerlingen laten kennismaken met academische teksten docenten Engels samenwerking laten zoeken bij andere vakken gerichter hulp bieden bij reeds beschikbare tools on-line voor verwerven academische vaardigheden in het Engels, ook op de universiteit zelf

Bevindingen 1e jaars studenten Zeer wisselend beeld eigen inschatting ERK-niveau, van B1 tot C2 (!) met name inschatting schrijven lijkt onjuist op school veel aandacht voor grammatica en lezen lage scores op school voor luisteren en gesprekken voeren in Bachelor fase vrijwel alleen Engels lezen presenteren & debatteren in het Engels meest genoemd als onvoldoende vaardigheid

Aanbevelingen 1e jaars studenten minder Jip & Janneke taal in vwo schoolboeken in V5, V6 geen brieven schrijven maar betoog over wetenschappelijk onderwerp Engels koppelen aan andere vakken: geeft realistischer beeld voor studie meer lessen lees- en schrijfvaardigheid meer oefenen door doen (!)

Peiling IOWO – april 2008 studenten kennen zichzelf voldoende capaciteiten toe bij verlaten vwo (zelfoverschatting?) maar: op Universiteit beroep op leesvaardigheid van andere orde van grootte onvoorziene langere verwerkingstijd (planningproblematiek) specialistisch taalgebruik

V6 klassen pilotscholen: eigen inschatting

Aims: we would like to... Increase awareness of academic genres Increase skills in reading/writing academic texts Increase level of study skills Aim of the presentation: dissemination of materials retrievable from www.mindthegap.slo.nl

Indeling website: www.mindthegap.slo.nl Lesmodulen Materialenbank Scaffolding Onderzoek en beleid Links Info

Five stages – scaffolding the process step 1: engagement step 2: building knowledge step 3: transformation step 4: presentation step 5: reflection

Time schedule – a suggestion Lesson 1 (approx. 50 minutes) engagement – definition Academic English/what is each of you going to study + activity 1: genres Lesson 2 (approx. 50 minutes): engagement rounding off genres + first dictogloss + INTRODUCTION ESSAY TITLES / orientation on background info Lesson 3 (approx 50 minutes): building knowledge text reconstruction + second dictogloss Lesson 4 (approx 50 minutes): building knowledge academic word generator (homework study words) + start joint writing (homework sentences) Lesson 5 (approx 50 minutes): check homework + time to discuss progress on gathering background info essay titles Lesson 6 (approx 50 minutes) how to use a thesaurus + third dictogloss Lesson 7 (approx. 50 minutes) how to use sources, quotations, references, bibliography Lesson 8 – presentation end results / SE – evaluation of various activities

Engagement step 1 – activity 1 (activeren voorkennis aanwezig in de klas) what is each of you going to study? If you don’t know yet, take a study in mind. class inventory – table on blackboard see materialenbank/engagement (names studies/names students/names universities/gap year?/ etc.) what do you know about the amount of English used at that university/for that type of study? how can you find out, if you have no idea?

Engagement activity 1 variation a: – without computers Explain SE involves writing an academic essay! What is ‘’academic’’? what is ‘’academic English’’? brainstorm in class – group work possibilities: a) definitions on blackboard b) definitions on roll of wall paper to be stuck to one wall of the classroom > build up a WORD BANK during this project or make a file on www.wrts.nl students also take notes –to be kept for the final stage (reflection).

Engagement activity 1 variation b: - with computers what is ‘Academic English’ ? brainstorm in class take notes – these must be kept for the final stage (reflection). go to the following website and take the Sylvia Plath test (second half of the page): http://www.courseworks.unimelb.edu.au/researchandwriting/academicstyle.php

Samples of definitions academic (THEORETICAL)   Show phonetics adjective theoretical and not related to practical effects in real life: a purely academic argument/question (retrieved from: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=403&dict=CALD ) Definition of academic (adjective) describing school and university activities; educated; scholastic (retrieved from: http://www.english-test.net/toefl/vocabulary/words/047/toefl-definitions.php#academic ) Academic English is much more than conversational English. To be successful in classes that are conducted completely in English, students need to be able to read large amounts of academic material in English, understand lectures given in English, think critically about the ideas they have read and heard, and express their understandings and critiques of ideas through speaking and writing in English.(retrieved from: http://www.tuj.ac.jp/newsite/main/app/academic_english.html )

Engagement activity 2 - focus on genres begripsvorming presenting different genres: pair work www.mindthegap.slo.nl materialenbank/engagement activity 2 give out sample texts a.o. set of written instructions, (tv) news, lesson fragment, joke, scientific definition, paragraph from academic article, etc. find out which text is which genre – you have approx. 10 minutes to do this. N.B. different sets per group.

Sample genres – excerpts: complete sets or fragments available on website text 1 Amputees can feel relief from phantom limb pain just by watching someone else rub their hands together, a study says. The treatment appears to fool the brain that it is their missing hand being massaged, California researchers say. New Scientist magazine reports that it harnesses nerve cells in the brain which become active when watching someone else carry out an action. UK experts said this kind of therapy may help amputees, as long as they can go along with the illusion. text 2 A schoolteacher asked her primary six class to construct sentences with the words: defeat, detail, defense. There was a pause before a pupil raised his hand and said he could make a sentence with them: "The cow jumped over defense and detail went over defeat." text 3 “But he has nothing on at all,” said a little child at last. “Good heavens! listen to the voice of an innocent child,” said the father, and one whispered to the other what the child had said. “But he has nothing on at all,” cried at last the whole people. text 4 How To Do It: 1. Take an egg from the fridge and place it in the egg cup in the centre of the table. 2. Switch on the radio or hifi and turn it up to a comfortable volume.

Engagement (activity 2 cont Engagement (activity 2 cont.): genres and their features begripsvorming tekstkenmerken Make use of the matrix on the following page/slide Which text shows which features? N.B. This matrix comes from Scaffolding language, scaffolding learning, Pauline Gibbons, (2002), p. 58

other language features type of text recount ‘what I did at the weekend’’ narrative ‘Jack and Beanstalk’’ report ‘Insects’’ procedure ‘how to boil an egg’’ discussion (one side) argument (two sides) ‘should smoking be banned’ purpose to tell what happened to entertain, to teach to give information to tell how to do something to persuade others, to take a position and justify it organization orientation (tells who, where, when series of events personal comment/ conclusion (tells who, where, when) problem resolution general statement characteristics (e.g. habitat, appearance, feeding habits) may have subheadings goal steps in sequence personal statement of position arguments evidence counter arguments connectives to do with time (first, next, at the end of the day) (one day, later, in the end) not usually used first, second, third, finally first, second, in addition, therefore, however, on the other hand other language features past tense describing words past tense, action verbs dialogue uses ‘’to be’’, ‘’to have’’ special vocabulary uses verbs to give instructions may use persuasive language

Engagement (activity 1 cont): reporting back – presenting in English Present your pairwork findings to the class appoint spokesman of the group appoint time-keeper of the group appoint note-taker: writes results on blackboard stick (or add) texts classified as academic to WORD BANK

Building knowledge activity 1: listening to academic English and note taking DICTOGLOSS TECHNIQUE Present the class with a dictogloss: Read out academic text (fragment of approx.200 words) three times: first time – students listen second time: students listen and write down as much as possible in pairs of two, students compare and discuss notes. They try and write a reconstruction of the text.

Dictogloss technique (activity 1 cont.) next in groups of four: repeat the process, filling in possible gaps. read text again for the third time – pairs have chance to do some repair work final result: check reconstructed text with sample text on overhead. reflect on difficult words. Add these to the WORD BANK or file on www.wrts.nl

Sample dictogloss (easy) Text 1 Dictogloss What types of primary research can be done? Many types of primary research exist. This guide is designed to provide you with an overview of primary research that is often done in writing classes. Interviews: Interviews are one-on-one or small group question and answer sessions. Interviews will provide a lot of information from a small number of people and are useful when you want to get an expert or knowledgeable opinion on a subject. Surveys: Surveys are a form of questioning that is more rigid than interviews and that involve larger groups of people. Surveys will provide a limited amount of information from a large group of people and are useful when you want to learn what a larger population thinks. Observations: Observations involve taking organized notes about occurrences in the world. Observations provide you insight about specific people, events, or locales and are useful when you want to learn more about an event without the biased viewpoint of an interview. Analysis: Analysis involves collecting data and organizing it in some fashion based on criteria you develop. They are useful when you want to find some trend or pattern. A type of analysis would be to record commercials on three major television networks and analyze gender roles.

Sample dictogloss (medium) Text 2 Dictogloss: quotations What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing? These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing. Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author. Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly. Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries? Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to . . . Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing Give examples of several points of view on a subject Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Sample dictogloss (difficult) Text 3 Emily L.R. Harrison, and Sherry A. McKee www.sciencedirect.com/science Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States Available online 21 November 2007. Abstract Binge drinking and non-daily cigarette smoking are behaviors that are both problematic and prevalent in young adults. Although the relationship between drinking and daily smoking has been well categorized, the intersection between drinking and smoking in non-daily smokers has not been heavily researched. Past 30-day and within-episode patterns of alcohol and cigarette use were collected in young adult non-daily smokers (N = 40). Results demonstrated that 79% of smoking occurred on drinking days. Alcohol use was significantly greater on smoking days with the result that drinking to risky binge levels was more likely to occur on a smoking day. Smoking typically occurred after a certain level of alcohol pre-load (2.87 drinks). Together these results confirm that young adult non-daily smokers often concurrently use alcohol and cigarettes. Research is needed to identify possible mechanisms underlying the association between binge drinking and cigarette use in this vulnerable population.

Building knowledge (activity 2) – text reconstruction & adding subheadings Give out scrambled fragments of an academic text (angry partner tore up your one and only copy of this essential piece of work...) www.mindthegap.slo.nl materialenbank/building knowledge Ask students to reconstruct the original. Could they think of adequate (sub)headings?

Sample text for text reconstruction How to Read an Academic Article by Becky Rosenberg, Ph.D. Click on link below and print the article. Cut up and put pieces in envelope(s). Make sure to have enough sets available for your class. http://faculty.washington.edu/davidgs/ReadArticle.html

Building knowledge:activity 2 – the academic word generator Present students with sentences containing informal English words (underlined) – see www.mindthegap.slo.nl materialenbank/building knowledge/the academic word generator Ask the class for suggestions to turn these words into Academic English. Write suggestions down on the blackboard, thinking aloud and explaining why you like certain suggestions. useful website if computers available: http://www.academicenglishgenerator.com/

Building knowledge:activity 3– joint construction or cooperative writing Present students with complete sentences in informal English. (www.mindthegap.slo.nl materialenbank/building knowledge/jointwriting) Ask the class for suggestions to turn these sentences into Academic English. Write suggestions down on the blackboard, thinking aloud and explaining why you like certain suggestions. See also suggestions on www.mindthegap.slo.nl under “Links” for more material

Sample exercise re-writing sentences retrieved from http://www.waylink.co.uk/?page=6112 Task: The sentences below are grammatically accurate but the style is inappropriate. Re-write these sentences in a more academic style making any changes you need to. The planners reviewed the report and said that it was great. It's obvious that the work environment is going to get a lot worse. The Chinese economy would like to look after itself, but it's also affected by things that happen outside the country. Notes on the Task The planners reviewed the report and said that it was very satisfactory. There is evidence to suggest that the work environment is going to deteriorate. The Chinese economy would like to be self-sufficient, but it's also affected by external factors.

Building knowledge:activity 4 – how to use a thesaurus Present students with the hand-out on how to use a thesaurus www.mindthegap.slo.nl materialenbank/building knowledge/how to use a thesaurus In pairs students study the material and construct suggestions (synonyms for the word ‘’good’’) Discuss and add good examples to the Word Bank

Building knowledge activity 5 Tips – references, quotations, footnotes, bibliography give hand-out www.mindthegap.slo.nl materialenbank/building knowledge/tips-references, quotations, footnotes, bibliography how to avoid plagiarism: discussion on use of quotation marks, footnotes and references how to refer correctly to used source material: the bibliography homework: to be studied and used in the SE.

Transformation: the essay titles Why work upside down? Planning helps...

How to write an essay: see link on www. mindthegap. slo How to write an essay: see link on www.mindthegap.slo.nl (transformation) The essay titles on the website may serve as suggestions: variations: students may choose a topic provided academic research is required students may choose their ‘’profielwerkstuk’’ as a starting point and write a summary of their research in English

Transformation: List of V6 (research) topics for assignment Academic English 1) C& M - Subsidizing Art: a Government’s Task? - The Position of French and German in the Dutch Curriculum - Breakfast in the Middle Ages - Can the Royal Family be proud of (all) its ancestors ? 2) E & M Daycare: advantages and disadvantages in the development of a child Inflation back on the economic agenda The importance of public transport The last drop of oil and then... 3) N & G What makes us tick? Our parents' love or their genes? Acne Vulgaris can be prevented through skin hygiene Eating disorders and the media Gender differences in pain perception 4) N & T Radiated food improves our health Current oil crisis: a blessing in disguise Benefits from space exploration The position of nuclear energy seen in the light of rising oil prices

Presentation – step 4 assessment, using ERK for written presentation results and spoken presentation results using the CEFR as a guide-line discuss pros and cons – see www.mindthegap.slo.nl materialenbank/presentation alternatively rubrics may be used as schools were used to do

Reflection – step 5 What would you like to remember about Academic English? Why? Write this down somewhere so that you can later consult your ‘good intentions’. How may you go on developing your Academic English? see also suggested websites on www.mindthegap.slo.nl under ‘’links’’.

www.mindthegap.slo.nl – has even more to offer.... Any questions? Please explore the possibilities at home...