J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 20051 Information representation and multimedia: Text  Informative text  Writing plan  Stylistics  Text structure  Tips.

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2 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 20051 Information representation and multimedia: Text  Informative text  Writing plan  Stylistics  Text structure  Tips

3 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 20052 Informative text Make a writing plan: What are the needs of your audience? - to inform? - to entertain? - or both?

4 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 20053 Informative text Make a writing plan: What is your goal as a writer? - to report? - to persuade? - or both?

5 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 20054 Informative text Make a writing plan: What style will you need? - literal (man is a human being)? - metaphoric (man is a machine)? - or both?

6 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 20055 Informative text Make a writing plan: Do you want to arouse emotion? - positive? - negative? - or both?

7 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 20056 The writing plan Report Persuade Inform Entertain style emotion  literal  explanatory metaphor (conventional) indifferent which indifferent which + context violations  novel metaphor + context violations  positive  supportive  negative  obstructive  positive  supportive  negative  obstructive to audience needs Author goals Audience needs  literal  explanatory metaphor  novel metaphor

8 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 20057 Text structure - method - results - discussion - abstract - problem - theory In popular science, the structure is not fixed but depends on the goals and concerns of the audience

9 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 20058 Text structure - method - results - discussion - abstract - problem - theory  elaborate on real-world consequences  only what is relevant to audience needs  if spectacular or to understand results  explain (!), relate to real-world conseq.  other scientists on theory/method/results  social groups on (new) problem/results  NEVER USE JARGON!

10 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 20059 Explanatory metaphor quarks as building blocks Huang, K. (1992). Quarks, Leptons & Gauge Fields (p. 25). World Scientific, Singapore, New Jersey, London, Hong Kong. conventional metaphor

11 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200510 lightning flash is a jelly-fish E. Westcott, Alaska University (October, 1993) C. Doswell novel metaphor

12 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200511 Metaphor in popular science: Lightning flash is a jelly-fish Metaphor in serious science: Lightning flash is a channel of plasma

13 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200512 The three-dimensional map (...) shows very clearly how the stability of atomic nuclei varies as the numbers of protons and neutrons increase. There is a “mountainous peninsula” of stability running diagonally across the map. In the lower part of the map, stable nuclei have roughly equal numbers of protons and neutrons. Further up, they have more neutrons. The mountain peaks are the so-called magic numbers - numbers of protons and neutrons producing the extra stable closed shells. Surrounding the peninsula is a sea of instability. At the far end, at atomic number 114 is the “island of stability” (...) Loveland, W., & Seaborg, G. (1991). The search for the missing elements. New Scientist, 131, 1784, 29-32. Find the metaphors three-dimensional map mountainous peninsula mountain peaksmagic numbers shells.peninsulasea of instability island of stability

14 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200513 Literal visualization Metaphoric visualization Metaphor links up with already known concepts - easier to understand Loveland, W., & Seaborg, G. (1991). The search for the missing elements. New Scientist, 131, 1784, 30.

15 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200514 Contextual violation Why is this funny? In the context of bed, partner is expected, not cell-phone.

16 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200515 Contextual violation A small girl with big blue eyes smiled and ran to the teacher to _____ her. spank A gangster with a nasty scar grinned and ran to the teacher to ___ her. kiss

17 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200516 Persuasion: Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) Petty & Cacioppo (1986) ‘elaboration likelihood’: de waarschijnlijkheid dat iemand actief gaat nadenken over de argumenten in een boodschap 2 routes: centraal vs. perifeer

18 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200517 persuasieve communicatie 1. motivatie tot verwerking? 2. bekwaamheid tot verwerking? 3. aard van de verwerking 4. verandering cogn. structuur? 5. attitudeverandering via centrale weg perifere attitudeverandering perifere prikkel aanwezig? geen attitudeverandering positiefnegatiefneutraal ja nee Elaboration Likelihood Model

19 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200518 Kenmerken ELM Dual-process model Motivatie + capaciteit bepalen keuze Argumentkwaliteit vs. cue Verandering (stabiel, duurzaam) vs. (instabiel, kort) Bron is belangrijke cue (deskundige vs. bekende Nederlander vs. de buurman/vrouw) Subjectieve verwerking, –Voorkennis, bedreiging, waarschuwing vooraf Combinatie routes mogelijk

20 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200519 Tips  Make an audience profile (age, gender, education, profession, religion)  Deduce audience needs from profile  Set your goals (inform, persuade)  Link goals to needs  Choose strategy from writing plan (stylistics and emotional impact)  Choose text structure, order follows high to low relevance to audience

21 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200520 Assignment 1: Search Science Magazine for the paper Formation of Giant Planets by Fragmentation of Protoplanetary Disks by Mayer, Quinn, Wadsley, & Stadel

22 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200521 Assignment 2: Search Nature for the paper High brightness electron beam from a multi-walled carbon nanotube by De Jonge, Lamy, Schoots, & Oosterkamp

23 J.F. Hoorn / G.C.v.d. Veer, 200522 Assignment 3 Lees artikelen Science en Nature Thema is extreem groot vs. extreem klein Schrijf naar de ‘menselijke maat’ voor lezers van Intermediair (bv. ingenieurs, zakenlieden) Behandel artikelen in S en N tezamen in één stuk (1 voor 1 mag, maar leg wel verbanden) Schrijf vier versies (2*A4 elk, Times 10, enkele interlinie) 1.puur letterlijk, verbod op metaforen 2.puur metaforisch, verbod op letterlijk 3.kies standpunt, schrijf op overtuiging, alles toegestaan (ook onredelijkheid, cirkelredeneringen, nadruk op bijzaken, smakelijke verpakking) 4.letterlijk, metaforisch en overtuiging evenwichtig gemengd Deadline: Friday morning 14-1-2005