LINEE Training Bolzano/Bozen 24 June 2008: Youth languages/Ethnolects (Margreet Dorleijn) Jacomine Nortier.

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1 LINEE Training Bolzano/Bozen 24 June 2008: Youth languages/Ethnolects (Margreet Dorleijn) Jacomine Nortier

2 Introduction Who is who and why (not)?

3 Request: Please interrupt me as often as you can/want!!

4 Topics for this morning: What is Ethnicity? ‘Street Language’ and ‘Murks’ Dutch by Moroccans and Turks, 1st and 2nd generations, characteristics and fragments Dominance of 2nd generation Moroccans. Why? Function Dutch for Tu and Mor different. Differences between Tu and Mor communities: visible on the internet. Conclusion: language, ethnicity and identity are strongly related Break: when???

5 Question: What is ethnicity and what are ethnic boundaries?

6 Joshua Fishman

7 Ethnicity Paternity (nature; inherited) Inherited Looks Blood Genetic Cannot be changed

8 Patrimony Nurture; Culture; Can change; Negotiable; Collective heritage; It is possible to fail

9 Phenomenology Ethnicity only exists when group members attach value to Paternity and Patrimony: Phenomenology evaluation, value Image of ethnicity is part of ethnicity itself

10 Ethnicity is part of a self-image of a group, and also part of the way outsiders look at the group, it is an aspect of self recognition in a collectivity or group. Ethnicity is complex: both inherited and acquired; both stable and dynamic, rational and irrational.

11 Role of language: Language has a symbolic function (activates the whole). If a group has thier own language, it is their most outstanding symbol of ethnicity. Language is needed for any form of ethnic activity. Mutual understandability: less important than symbolic function.

12 Ethnic boundaries Visible when there is tension/pressure; ingroup vs outgroup. Examples?? Increased ethnic consciousness: former Soviet-countries Negotiation, exchange

13 Changeability: Back to authenticity Group membership Cross-over

14 Questions: Would you call Dutch and Italian (French, Russian) supporters during a football match Holland/ Italy (France, Russia) ethnic groups? WHY (not)? Would you consider the Afro-Americans a separate ethnic group? And the Jews who live in diaspora? WHY

15 Le Page and Tabouret-Keller Ethnicity is dynamic, not static

16 A group can distinguish itself from other groups in different (sometimes overlapping) ways: a sense of place a sense of family relationship a sense of physical similarities a sense of common cause a sense of common religious faith/ other traditional belief

17 Example: Caribian Slaves with roots in the same (African) village, relatives  Blurring boundaries re. roots  Sense of togetherness with other islanders  Jamaicans (e.g.) are not necessary descendants of slaves  UK: earlier separate island identities  Anno now: shared Afrocaribian identity and language; felt to be common in spite of differences.

18 The Netherlands: Dynamic boundaries here as well? (Speaker: 18 year old Afghani) Sociopolitical developments: sense of solidarity among ‘allochtones’ sometimes stronger than diversity (next slide: translation)

19 Translation: ‘I feel insulted when they say nasty things about Moroccans since I am a foreigner, too…’

20 Quote from an 18 year old Dutch/Turkish woman: “Soms voel ik me meer allochtoon dan Turks” [Sometimes I feel more ‘allochtone’ than Turkish]

21 NB Watch out for generalisations; this is not necessarily true for all Turks or Afghanis (in the Netherlands)!!

22 Straattaal Terminology Slang Smurfentaal …. Your languages??

23 ‘Straattaal’, top 10 Amsterdam (1999): Doekoe Loesoe Chickie Osso Afoe Faya Fittie Kill Fatoe Scotten

24 Straattaal From early nineties René Appel: straattaal  lexicon Utrecht: Murks  accent (pronunciation): who and why? With Margreet Dorleijn: interviews  MFD Moroccan Flavoured Dutch) Today: mainly pronunciation

25 Accents Example Murks:

26 Point I want to make: The way young people speak and sound like non-native speakers is not (always) due to incomplete SLA.

27 Dutch by 1st generation Turkish man: Some characteristics.: [k], [r], long/short vowels Fragment:

28 Dutch by 1st generation Moroccan woman: Some characteristics: [g] [z], difficulty with met long vowels. Fragment:

29 2nd generation Turkish speaker: Comparable to 1 st generation speaker. Fragment:

30 2nd generation Moroccan speaker: Looks like 1st generation speaker, but: no problems with vowels; she swallows her schwa’s. Fragment:

31 What would this be?

32 And this?

33 Dominance of Moroccan accent! We haven’t just made this up! Reactions after publication in Onze Taal: www.geenstijl.nl www.fok.nl www.maroc.nl

34 “ik herken het. Ik spreek zelf ook soms met dat accentje” (I recognize it. Sometimes I use that little accent myself.) “Ik stoor me al tijden aan die irritante tongval. En idd, zelfs (laag opgeleide) autochtonen wagen zich eraan” (I get irritated by that way of speaking. And yes even (uneducated) Dutch people use it) “Ik had laatst een gesprek met een Turk, en die zei inderdaad om de zin Ik sweer het man!” (The other day I had a talk with a Turk who repeatedly said I swear it man)

35 “Hoor je maar al te vaak” (You hear it too often) “Zat laatst in de tram, dacht ik dat er twee mocro's achter me zaten. Bij het uitstappen keek ik nog even achterom, waren het gewoon twee Nederlandse tieners!” (Was on the tram, thought there were two Mocros behind me. When I got out I looked, they were just two Dutch teenagers!)

36 In what circumstances and with whom? Toughness (geenstijl.nl: “hoorde laatst op tv een paar mocro's met een limburgs accent praten, dat is toch ook niet echt stoer!”) (heard some Mocro’s on tv using a Limrgs accent, that is not cool/tough!) Ali B to his audience When a foreign accent is needed (Schnitzelparadijs) Informal contacts

37 Explanations: Act of identity Moroccans examplaric for other allochtonous groups; fragment from a conversation:

38 M = Marokkaans; N = Nederlands; A – Afghaans; T= Turks M:Het is algemeen bekend dat Marokkanen een beetje leuk, ja, een beetje leuk accent hebben. N:Is dat omdat er meer Marokkanen zijn dan Turken? A:Nee N:Is dat zo? In Utrecht misschien wel T:Nee volgens mij niet, er zijn meer Turken! N:Maken ze meer lawaai? Offe T:Ja, Marokkanen zijn meer aanwezig M:Nee maar ’t accent valt gewoon heel erg op. Ik gga naar šgool, ik denk van hallo! Dat merk je gewoon heel sterk

39 M = Moroccan; D = Dutch; A = Afghani; T = Turkish M:It is well-known that Moroccan have a -uhm kind of funny accent D:Is that because there are more Moroccans than Turks? A:No D:No? Maybe there are, in Utrecht? T:No I think there are more Turks! D:Do they make more noise? Or uh T:Yes, Moroccans are more present M:No but the accent is striking. ‘Ik gga naar šgool’, I think hello! That is something very strong.

40 Moroccans and Moroccan: attractive because tough/cool: Moroccans are more visible in society: Recently: Volkskrant  ‘Marokkanenprobleem’ Importance of music culture: Ali B, Yes-R, THC, DHC, Raymzter

41 Moroccan and Dutch rappers: Ali B: http://nl.youtube.com/watch?v=61rmV73RauY YesR: http://nl.youtube.com/watch?v=SuFa49ofn_c Lange Frans & Baas B: http://nl.youtube.com/watch?v=zZsvotVv7BQ

42 MFD is being played with! Used to achieve certain effects. By Moroccans, but also Dutch, Turks etc. Quote:

43 Salaheddine

44 Salaheddine: Development of ‘In-between language’ among Moroccans in Rotterdam Linguistic features: insertion of grammatical elements from Morarab in Dutch; hardly content words (‘too easy’): articles and pronouns. Example: Ze gaf me wahed dreun. (she gave me wahed blow) Amsterdam: local accent in MFD: Utrecht and Rotterdam: definitely NOT.

45 From an interview with Salaheddine: (…) want hoe wij dan met elkaar op straat spreken, dat is natuurlijk niet hoe ik hier met jullie spreek Maar die taal ken ik dus ook. Dat is het slechte Nederlands (…) maar ’t is in principe dan- lidwoorden die gebruik je dan expres verkeerd dus die huis zeg ik dan. Terwijl ik weet ik bedoel ik weet heus wel dat het dat huis is maar ’t staat zo dom als ik dat op straat zeg, als ik zeg dat huis. ’t Is gewoon die huis. Maar als ik met jullie spreek dan wordt ’t gewoon dat huis. ’t Staat heel dom als ik op straat gewoon eh goed Nederlands spreek dat staat gewoon dom. Maar ’t is niet zo dat ik ’t wel kan maar ’t is gewoon in principe eh een ander taaltje. Ja en ze hebben gewoon besloten om de lidwoorden anders te gebruiken. ’t Klinkt ook niet raar, als iemand dat tegen mij zegt, ja dat klinkt gewoon goed in mij oren, terwijl ik wel weet dat ’t grammaticaal niet klopt dus –

46 Differences between Turkish and Moroccan community: Turkish community: expression of identity through use of Turkish. Pride. Websites: turksestudent.nl lokum.nl Atmosphere: serious, cultural, broad. Jokes/Narratives/stories: either T or D.

47 Moroccan community: L1 is a tool, does not express pride and identity. Websites: maroc.nl; maghreb.nl; amazigh.nl. Make fun of themselves: “het riffijnse berbertuig is namelijk verantwoordelijk voor alle shit hiero..” (The riffian berberriffraff is responsible for the shit here..) Atmosphere: serious when it is about islam; bilingualism: (=insertion of M) for play, wit:

48 “Je bent nog mooier dan mijn remra7 (‘binnenplaats’), gezien vanaf de sta7 (‘plat dak’), bij het krieken van de sba7 (‘ochtend’).” (You are even prettier than our court yard seen from our roof at the dawn of morning ) “Gataarlijk man!” To express identity: “zolang we 1 gemeenschappelijke vijand hebben (sjarron wa boesj) zijn we allemaal moslimbroeders en zusters” (as long as we have one commn enemy (sjarron wa boesj) we are all muslim brothers and sisters)

49 Observations: Migrant literature, rappers, etc: Moroccans; Dutch. Turks? Black Market Beverwijk: Moroccans advertise in D; Turks in Turkish. Kids on the school yard; young people we talked with….: all the same pattern

50 Illustration: maghreb.nl: En wij integreren wel degelijk!! als je op straat ziet hoe die jongeren onderling praten dat is alleen in het NEDERLANDS, daardoor vergeten zij hun moedertaal, En als nog blijft Verdonk zeggen dat Marokkanen te veel Marokkaans onderling praten, ik zou niet weten waar zij het vandaan haalt.

51 (And we do integrate! When you see how young people talk to each other on the street, that’s only DUTCH, therefore they forget their native language. And still Verdonk keeps on saying that Moroccans talk to much Moroccan, I wouldn’t know where she has that from)

52 Rotterdam Interview with Moroccan author (25); Rotterdam, June 30 th, 2006.

53 No large-scale study, only individual observations (but: a lot!) We did not consider all allochtonous or native Dutch groups West-NL: Utrecht and Amsterdam: even between those two much difference West-NL: hard [g] Larger cities: more than 50% of school population is “allochtonous”

54 Sound fragments on: http://www.let.uu.nl/~Jacomine.Nortier/personal/

55 Zwarte piet!! Sixties:

56 Outside the Netherlands: Copenhagen Stockholm (Rinkeby) Berlin/Hamburg: ‘Kanaksprache’ Banlieus in major cities in France: Verlan New York: ‘Brooklyn-style’ California: Chicano English Etcetera

57 Kopenhagen: Jeg çaldrede alt for meget (Ik stal veel te veel) Wallah jeg sværger på min egen grav og min mor og min fars grav. (Bij Allah ik zweer het bij mijn eigen graf en het graf van mijn vader en moeder)

58 Stockholm: Kız (‘meisje’)  kiz; guz Çok (‘veel’)  chockdumm Jalla (‘kom op’)  jallajalla (‘buitenlander’) Habibi (‘liefje’)  habis (‘buitenlanders’)

59 Hamburg: …hätt ich die Kassetten vorher mitgenommen biliyon mu hätt ich jetzt wieder eine fertig lan (…had ik die cassettes eerder meegenomen weet je, dan had ik er nu weer één klaar gehad jongen)

60 France: le Verlan J’neco ap La Marseillaise Mais c’est ici que je mange mes fraises Au deblé, j’suis céfran Et j’suis robeu en cefran Kéblo entre ici et là-bas Des fois j´ai envie de me séca Mais c´est près d’Paris qu’j´ai grandi Et l´Algérie j´l´ai tchav´ quand j´étais p´tit Alors où j´me vétrou? J´me sens perdu, c´est chelou Fierté d´être un djez à Paris Tous les soirs, c’est Allah que je prie.

61 Summarizing: Boundaries between ethnic groups are dynamic Moroccan community dominant Reason why (and why not Turks, e.g.) : differences between groups. M more extravert as a group, more oriented towards NL; T more introvert, oriented on T

62 Discussion: How conscious or subconscious is the choice for a certain variety that functions as an identity marker? (Dis)advantages of large quantitative studies in this field. I think it is dangerous to generalize What I sketched is not interesting. It is the mechanism behind it that is interesting, the use of (whatever) language for identity purposes